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#1. Which enzyme initiates transcription in eukaryotic cells?
#2. What happens to blood pH during prolonged hyperventilation?
#3. Which DNA repair mechanism fixes pyrimidine dimers caused by UV light?
#4. What is the net ATP gain from complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule?
#5. Which structure contains the primary pacemaker cells of the heart?
#6. Which class of antibodies is the first produced during an immune response?
#7. Which hormone increases gluconeogenesis during fasting?
#8. Where does translation take place in the cell?
#9. Which type of epithelium lines the alveoli of the lungs?
#10. What is the major function of peroxisomes?
#11. What is the result of mitosis in human somatic cells?
#12. Which neurotransmitter is involved in muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?
#13. Which step of cellular respiration generates the most NADH?
#14. Which macronutrient yields the most energy per gram?
#15. Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
#16. Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates ovulation?
#17. Which type of inhibition can be overcome by adding more substrate?
#18. Which phase of the menstrual cycle directly follows ovulation?
#19. What is the function of the enzyme topoisomerase?
#20. Which portion of the small intestine is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?
#21. What type of immunity is provided by vaccines?
#22. Which muscle type is under voluntary control?
#23. Which phase of meiosis results in the separation of homologous chromosomes?
#24. What is the role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis?
#25. Which part of the brain is involved in planning and decision making?
#26. Which enzyme is involved in the breakdown of proteins in the stomach?
#27. What is the function of CD8+ T cells?
#28. Which of the following best describes a zymogen?
#29. Which reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?
#30. What type of muscle lines the walls of blood vessels?
#31. What genetic principle describes the independent segregation of alleles?
#32. Which of the following proteins helps unwind DNA during replication?
#33. Which molecule stabilizes the cell membrane in animal cells?
#34. What happens during the depolarization phase of an action potential?
#35. What process describes water moving across a semipermeable membrane?
#36. Which structure in the nephron is impermeable to water?
#37. What is the main function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?
#38. Which hormone is involved in long-term stress response?
#39. What is the primary buffer system in human blood?
#40. What does the QRS complex of an ECG represent?
#41. What process describes programmed cell death?
#42. Which structure acts as a relay station for sensory input?
#43. What is the function of the corpus callosum?
#44. What causes the resting membrane potential?
#45. Which type of lipid contains a phosphate group?
#46. Which part of the brain processes visual information?
#47. Which organ produces intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption?
#48. Which enzyme digests starch into maltose?
#49. What is the primary role of microvilli in the small intestine?
#50. What is the function of hemoglobin in the blood?
