FE ELECTRICAL – FOURTH SIMULATION

#1. [Mathematics] For first-order decay dy/dt = -6y with y(0)=1, find y(0.28 s).

0.192

0.211

0.144

0.157

#2. [Properties of Electrical Materials] A conductor has resistivity 1.85e-08 Ω·m at 20°C and temperature coefficient 0.0040/°C. Estimate resistivity at 66°C.

1.60e-08 Ω·m

2.19e-08 Ω·m

2.50e-08 Ω·m

1.90e-08 Ω·m

#3. [Mathematics] An engineer linearizes a calibration model and obtains equations 6x + 2y = 10 and x + 4y = 7. What is x?

1.273

1.4

1.145

0.955

#4. [Digital Systems] Pipeline stage has tCQ=2.44 ns, combinational delay=5.81 ns, setup=1.84 ns. Max clock frequency is:

81.297 MHz

99.142 MHz

109.1 MHz

74.357 MHz

#5. [Digital Systems] Pipeline stage has tCQ=1.99 ns, combinational delay=4.23 ns, setup=1.44 ns. Max clock frequency is:

97.976 MHz

163.3 MHz

130.6 MHz

143.7 MHz

#6. [Mathematics] In a fully connected sensor graph with 6 nodes, how many unique undirected links exist?

18.75

16.5

12.3

15

#7. [Computer Networks] Ignoring loss, TCP throughput with receive window 64 kB and RTT 80 ms is approximately:

6.554 Mb/s

5.898 Mb/s

5.374 Mb/s

4.915 Mb/s

#8. [Electromagnetics] Transmission line has Z0=44 Ω and load ZL=86 Ω (real). Reflection coefficient Γ at load is:

0.381

0.323

0.355

0.404

#9. [Electronics] Ideal inverting op-amp with Rin=5 kΩ, Rf=94 kΩ, Vin=0.469 V. Output is:

-7.223 V

-6.606 V

-8.808 V

-11.01 V

#10. [Computer Networks] Ignoring loss, TCP throughput with receive window 256 kB and RTT 20 ms is approximately:

94.372 Mb/s

78.643 Mb/s

115.3 Mb/s

104.9 Mb/s

#11. [Probability and Statistics] Assuming normal process variation with mean 120 and std dev 14, what is the 95th percentile?

143.0

178.8

128.7

168.8

#12. [Control Systems] A loop has crossover ωc=3.1 rad/s and phase margin 52.3°. Which interpretation is best?

Phase margin does not relate to time-domain overshoot

Positive phase margin indicates closed-loop stability with moderate robustness

System is unstable because crossover frequency is finite

System is marginally stable only if gain margin is exactly 0 dB

#13. [Control Systems] A standard 2nd-order closed-loop system has damping ratio ζ=0.48. Percent overshoot is closest to:

19.555 %

14.577 %

17.777 %

20.977 %

#14. [Circuit Analysis] A branch dissipates 294 W with RMS current 1.86 A. Equivalent resistance is:

69.989 Ω

106.7 Ω

93.888 Ω

85.353 Ω

#15. [Electromagnetics] For a long straight conductor carrying 73 A, magnetic flux density at radius 0.092 m is:

1.60e-04 T

1.88e-04 T

1.44e-04 T

1.75e-04 T

#16. [Power] Ideal transformer with turns ratio Np:Ns=4:1 feeds load 20 Ω on secondary. Reflected primary impedance is:

1.375 Ω

1.25 Ω

0.938 Ω

1.025 Ω

#17. [Digital Systems] In unsigned 4-bit arithmetic, adding 8 and 11 sets carry-out flag to:

depends on signed interpretation

undefined

1

0

#18. [Linear Systems] For a 2nd-order system with damping ratio ζ=0.56 and ωn=7.86 rad/s, estimate 2% settling time.

0.813 s

1.129 s

0.993 s

0.903 s

#19. [Signal Processing] For an ideal 12-bit ADC, quantization-limited SQNR is closest to:

74 dB

87.32 dB

66.6 dB

81.4 dB

#20. [Communications] For M-ary signaling with M=4 and bit rate 100 kb/s, symbol rate is:

41 ksym/s

50 ksym/s

45 ksym/s

59 ksym/s

#21. [Electromagnetics] For a lossless medium with εr=4.0 and μr=1.5, intrinsic impedance η is:

272.4 Ω

207.8 Ω

230.9 Ω

189.3 Ω

#22. [Circuit Analysis] An AC source of 124 Vrms drives impedance Z = 19 + j10 Ω. RMS current magnitude is:

4.331 A

6.815 A

4.736 A

5.775 A

#23. [Engineering Economics] Compute capital recovery (EUAC) for P=$244,395, S=$27,767, n=7 years, i=10%.

47273.3 USD/yr

52000.6 USD/yr

59091.6 USD/yr

35455.0 USD/yr

#24. [Control Systems] A standard 2nd-order closed-loop system has damping ratio ζ=0.56. Percent overshoot is closest to:

10.79 %

11.989 %

9.831 %

8.992 %

#25. [Digital Systems] Pipeline stage has tCQ=0.92 ns, combinational delay=5.13 ns, setup=1.29 ns. Max clock frequency is:

149.7 MHz

170.1 MHz

136.1 MHz

122.5 MHz

#26. [Circuit Analysis] In an RL step response with V=29 V, R=40 Ω, L=0.326 H, find i(t) at t=0.014 s.

0.74 A

0.651 A

0.533 A

0.592 A

#27. [Electronics] Half-wave rectifier with peak input 22 V, diode drop 0.7 V, RL=944 Ω. Approximate average load current:

7.182 mA

8.978 mA

8.475 mA

7.9 mA

#28. [Properties of Electrical Materials] Estimate skin depth δ for a conductor with σ=3.34e+07 S/m, μr=1, at f=1000 Hz.

8.26e-04 m

0.003 m

0.271 m

0.002 m

#29. [Mathematics] In a fully connected sensor graph with 8 nodes, how many unique undirected links exist?

22.96

25.2

28

33.04

#30. [Engineering Economics] What present value is equivalent to a future replacement cost of $81,374 in 5 years at 11%?

56984.0 USD

53120.7 USD

60364.4 USD

48291.5 USD

#31. [Computer Networks] Ignoring loss, TCP throughput with receive window 256 kB and RTT 80 ms is approximately:

26.214 Mb/s

28.836 Mb/s

23.593 Mb/s

21.496 Mb/s

#32. [Electronics] Ideal inverting op-amp with Rin=13 kΩ, Rf=76 kΩ, Vin=0.507 V. Output is:

-3.262 V

-2.965 V

-3.499 V

-2.669 V

#33. [Circuit Analysis] Node A is connected to 14 V through 2 Ω and to 17 V through 3 Ω. What is node voltage Va (no load)?

16.72 V

11.4 V

15.2 V

13.68 V

#34. [Mathematics] A phasor is V = 5 + j2. What is |V|?

6.354

5.924

4.416

5.385

#35. [Mathematics] For first-order decay dy/dt = -2y with y(0)=1, find y(0.58 s).

0.315

0.394

0.236

0.258

#36. [Mathematics] For first-order decay dy/dt = -5y with y(0)=1, find y(0.75 s).

0.025

0.023

0.019

0.029

#37. [Circuit Analysis] A current source 10 A feeds two parallel resistors 11 Ω and 5 Ω. Node voltage across the pair is:

37.812 V

40.562 V

34.375 V

28.188 V

#38. [Power] A 4-pole induction motor on 60 Hz runs at 1784 rpm. Rotor current frequency is closest to:

0.4 Hz

0.667 Hz

0.629 Hz

0.533 Hz

#39. [Power] At a 19 kV bus with Thevenin reactance 0.347 Ω (line-line basis), 3-phase bolted fault current is approximately:

31594.5 A

23695.9 A

39493.1 A

37281.5 A

#40. [Electromagnetics] For a long straight conductor carrying 36 A, magnetic flux density at radius 0.051 m is:

1.67e-04 T

1.41e-04 T

1.55e-04 T

1.27e-04 T

#41. [Linear Systems] For a 2nd-order system with damping ratio ζ=0.72 and ωn=9.94 rad/s, estimate 2% settling time.

0.662 s

0.46 s

0.561 s

0.618 s

#42. [Properties of Electrical Materials] A package heat spreader has k=167.4 W/m·K, area=3.37e-04 m², thickness=0.025 m, and ΔT=55 K. Conduction heat rate is:

101.8 W

111.7 W

155.2 W

124.2 W

#43. [Mathematics] An engineer linearizes a calibration model and obtains equations 3x + 2y = 13 and x + 6y = 8. What is x?

4.125

3.382

4.867

4.538

#44. [Computer Systems and Software] A 32-bit, direct-mapped cache has 256 sets and 64-byte blocks. Tag bits per line are:

14.76

18

19.8

21.24

#45. [Computer Networks] For IPv4 subnet /26, how many usable host addresses are available?

73.16

46.5

62

50.84

#46. [Digital Systems] In unsigned 4-bit arithmetic, adding 9 and 13 sets carry-out flag to:

0

depends on signed interpretation

undefined

1

#47. [Power] A balanced 3-phase load consumes 226 kW at 380 V line-line and pf=0.87 lagging. Line current is:

396.9 A

357.2 A

325.4 A

297.6 A

#48. [Control Systems] A standard 2nd-order closed-loop system has damping ratio ζ=0.69. Percent overshoot is closest to:

6.336 %

5.069 %

3.802 %

5.576 %

#49. [Engineering Sciences] A dielectric coolant (ρ=1007.3 kg/m³, μ=1.76e-03 Pa·s) flows at 1.82 m/s through a pipe of diameter 0.068 m. Reynolds number is closest to:

83205.3

77564.3

70513.0

88141.2

#50. [Properties of Electrical Materials] A conductor has resistivity 2.01e-08 Ω·m at 20°C and temperature coefficient 0.0039/°C. Estimate resistivity at 66°C.

2.70e-08 Ω·m

2.06e-08 Ω·m

1.73e-08 Ω·m

2.37e-08 Ω·m

#51. [Electromagnetics] Transmission line has Z0=47 Ω and load ZL=34 Ω (real). Reflection coefficient Γ at load is:

-0.16

-0.144

-0.201

-0.132

#52. [Probability and Statistics] A lot has independent defect probability 0.04 per board. For 8 boards, what is P(at least 1 defect)?

0.228

0.279

0.329

0.348

#53. [Electronics] An ideal 10-bit ADC with Vref=5.0 V measures Vin=1.892 V. Output code is closest to:

348.3

483.8

387

290.2

#54. [Digital Systems] In unsigned 4-bit arithmetic, adding 13 and 0 sets carry-out flag to:

1

undefined

depends on signed interpretation

0

#55. [Communications] Using Shannon capacity C = B log2(1+SNR), with B=5.0 MHz and linear SNR=20, capacity is:

21.962 Mb/s

19.765 Mb/s

25.915 Mb/s

27.452 Mb/s

#56. [Power] A component has reactance 0.090 pu on 100 MVA base (same kV base). On 25 MVA base, pu reactance is:

0.026 pu

0.022 pu

0.02 pu

0.018 pu

#57. [Engineering Economics] A retrofit costs $245,669 now and saves $51,124/year for 9 years. At MARR = 12%, what is NPV?

21920.6 USD

24059.2 USD

26732.4 USD

20049.3 USD

#58. [Ethics and Professional Practice] On a industrial VFD replacement, you identify an ungrounded metallic enclosure in a temporary power panel to avoid liquidated damages. According to professional practice expectations, what is the MOST appropriate action?

Transfer responsibility to the contractor and continue work

Rely on schedule urgency as justification for delayed correction

Implement a short-term workaround and postpone formal disclosure

Document the hazard, notify the authority in responsible charge, and stop affected work until corrected

#59. [Linear Systems] For system y” + 5y’ + 4y = u(t), which statement about stability is true?

Stable because all coefficients are positive and roots have negative real parts

Marginally stable because second-order systems always oscillate

Unstable unless b > a^2

Unstable because input is a step function

#60. [Linear Systems] A transfer function has poles at s=-2.20 and s=-12.98. Dominant time constant is closest to:

0.537 s

0.455 s

0.373 s

0.569 s

#61. [Electronics] A BJT in active mode has β=135 and base current 81.8 µA. Collector current is closest to:

8.285 mA

13.035 mA

11.047 mA

12.152 mA

#62. [Probability and Statistics] Assuming normal process variation with mean 88 and std dev 10, what is the 95th percentile?

130.6

123.3

85.649

104.5

#63. [Computer Systems and Software] Cache hit rate=0.93, hit time=2.18 ns, miss penalty=52.4 ns. AMAT is:

5.934 ns

7.418 ns

4.866 ns

7.003 ns

#64. [Digital Systems] In unsigned 4-bit arithmetic, adding 11 and 7 sets carry-out flag to:

0

1

depends on signed interpretation

undefined

#65. [Ethics and Professional Practice] On a substation relay retrofit, a supplier offers premium event tickets while your team is evaluating bids to prevent procurement re-bid. According to professional practice expectations, what is the MOST appropriate action?

Handle the matter informally within the team without written record

Transfer responsibility to the contractor and continue work

Decline the gift and keep procurement decisions objective and fully documented

Accept the risk if no incident has yet occurred

#66. [Communications] A TDM PCM system multiplexes 18 channels, each sampled at 16000 Hz with 8 bits/sample. Aggregate data rate is:

2.719 Mb/s

1.889 Mb/s

2.88 Mb/s

2.304 Mb/s

#67. [Circuit Analysis] A Thevenin source Vth=18 V with Rth=8 Ω feeds RL=15 Ω. Load current is:

0.783 A

0.978 A

0.923 A

0.704 A

#68. [Circuit Analysis] A current source 5 A feeds two parallel resistors 4 Ω and 6 Ω. Node voltage across the pair is:

9 V

12 V

10.8 V

13.2 V

#69. [Electronics] Half-wave rectifier with peak input 16 V, diode drop 0.7 V, RL=794 Ω. Approximate average load current:

7.667 mA

7.238 mA

6.134 mA

4.6 mA

#70. [Linear Systems] For low-pass H(jω)=1/(1+jωτ) with τ=0.380 s, find |H(jω)| at ω=2 rad/s.

0.94

0.597

0.996

0.797

#71. [Signal Processing] A tone at 7100 Hz is sampled at fs=10000 Hz. Observed baseband alias frequency is:

2900 Hz

2175 Hz

2610 Hz

3190 Hz

#72. [Mathematics] For first-order decay dy/dt = -2y with y(0)=1, find y(0.78 s).

0.248

0.211

0.232

0.263

#73. [Circuit Analysis] An AC source of 153 Vrms drives impedance Z = 24 + j8 Ω. RMS current magnitude is:

6.653 A

4.536 A

6.048 A

7.136 A

#74. [Power] Ideal transformer with turns ratio Np:Ns=2:1 feeds load 27 Ω on secondary. Reflected primary impedance is:

7.425 Ω

6.075 Ω

8.438 Ω

6.75 Ω

#75. [Engineering Sciences] Cooling air for a power converter has mass flow 0.095 kg/s and specific heat cp=896.1 J/kg·K. If temperature rise across the cabinet is 43.1 K, required heat removal rate is:

3668.3 W

4035.1 W

3301.4 W

4328.5 W

#76. [Circuit Analysis] A Thevenin source Vth=30 V with Rth=12 Ω feeds RL=16 Ω. Load current is:

1.339 A

1.071 A

0.804 A

1.179 A

#77. [Communications] For an AM wave, envelope Vmax=5.59 and Vmin=1.92. Modulation index m is:

0.44

0.577

0.489

0.538

#78. [Engineering Sciences] For coupled electro-thermal design, which modeling approach most directly captures the feedback where rising junction temperature increases conduction loss and further heating?

Linear superposition of independent thermal and electrical solutions without parameter coupling

Single-pass DC simulation at nominal 25°C only

Purely mechanical FEA with no electrical loss model

Iterative multiphysics solution that updates electrical parameters with temperature each step

#79. [Signal Processing] For y[n]=0.32y[n-1]+(0.06)y[n-2]+x[n], which is correct?

BIBO stable (dominant poles inside unit circle)

Cannot determine stability without x[n]

Always stable because coefficients are finite

Always unstable for second-order IIR filters

#80. [Engineering Economics] A retrofit costs $144,205 now and saves $41,595/year for 6 years. At MARR = 12%, what is NPV?

24128.1 USD

26809.0 USD

31634.6 USD

20106.7 USD

#81. [Mathematics] Compute the integral ∫_0^2 x^2 dx.

2

2.187

2.667

3.333

#82. [Control Systems] For unity-feedback type-0 system with open-loop DC gain K=11, unit-step steady-state error is:

0.068

0.098

0.062

0.083

#83. [Engineering Sciences] A busbar support bracket experiences elastic strain 943 με. Assuming Young’s modulus E=161.5 GPa, normal stress is:

152.2 MPa

137.0 MPa

114.2 MPa

167.5 MPa

#84. [Mathematics] An engineer linearizes a calibration model and obtains equations 2x + 2y = 15 and x + 3y = 5. What is x?

11

10

12.5

8.2

#85. [Power] A balanced 3-phase load consumes 357 kW at 248 V line-line and pf=0.77 lagging. Line current is:

969.1 A

807.5 A

1076.7 A

1184.4 A

#86. [Control Systems] A loop has crossover ωc=14.8 rad/s and phase margin 63.9°. Which interpretation is best?

System is marginally stable only if gain margin is exactly 0 dB

Phase margin does not relate to time-domain overshoot

System is unstable because crossover frequency is finite

Positive phase margin indicates closed-loop stability with moderate robustness

#87. [Signal Processing] A first-order analog low-pass has cutoff 1200 Hz. At cutoff frequency, output magnitude relative to passband is:

-3 dB (approximately 0.707 of passband amplitude)

+3 dB (resonant peak)

-6 dB (half amplitude)

0 dB (unity)

#88. [Ethics and Professional Practice] On a microgrid intertie upgrade, field staff are bypassing arc-flash PPE requirements to recover schedule to avoid liquidated damages. According to professional practice expectations, what is the MOST appropriate action?

Implement a short-term workaround and postpone formal disclosure

Suspend the task and enforce required safety controls before restarting

Transfer responsibility to the contractor and continue work

Accept the risk if no incident has yet occurred

#89. [Probability and Statistics] Assuming normal process variation with mean 92 and std dev 15, what is the 95th percentile?

128.3

145.8

116.7

137.7

#90. [Communications] For an AM wave, envelope Vmax=8.20 and Vmin=0.83. Modulation index m is:

0.897

0.611

0.734

0.815

#91. [Engineering Sciences] A vibration-sensitive electronics tray is modeled as an underdamped SDOF system with m=1.21 kg, damping ratio ζ=0.22, and natural frequency ωn=21.82 rad/s. What is the damped natural frequency ωd?

21.277 rad/s

25.107 rad/s

17.447 rad/s

26.597 rad/s

#92. [Control Systems] For unity-feedback type-0 system with open-loop DC gain K=6, unit-step steady-state error is:

0.157

0.143

0.129

0.179

#93. [Probability and Statistics] A lot has independent defect probability 0.04 per board. For 10 boards, what is P(at least 2 defect)?

0.048

0.044

0.058

0.052

#94. [Electronics] Using square-law saturation model Id=0.5k(VGS−VT)^2, find Id for k=0.0025 A/V², VGS=4.58 V, VT=1.76 V.

11.561 mA

7.348 mA

10.777 mA

9.797 mA

#95. [Computer Systems and Software] Which data structure gives O(1) average-time lookup for symbol tables while allowing occasional rehash operations?

Hash table

Binary heap

Singly linked list

Unbalanced binary search tree

#96. [Circuit Analysis] In an RL step response with V=17 V, R=14 Ω, L=0.141 H, find i(t) at t=0.021 s.

0.867 A

1.057 A

0.793 A

1.321 A

#97. [Mathematics] For f(t) = t^3 – t^2 + 5t, evaluate d f/dt at t = 6.

82.82

126.2

101

75.75

#98. [Ethics and Professional Practice] On a campus EV-charger expansion, a client requests you to seal calculations prepared by a subcontractor you did not supervise to prevent procurement re-bid. According to professional practice expectations, what is the MOST appropriate action?

Handle the matter informally within the team without written record

Proceed temporarily and document the issue only at project closeout

Transfer responsibility to the contractor and continue work

Decline to seal until you have responsible charge and sufficient independent verification

#99. [Electronics] A BJT in active mode has β=108 and base current 108.1 µA. Collector current is closest to:

11.678 mA

12.845 mA

9.576 mA

10.51 mA

#100. [Engineering Economics] For a test fixture: fixed cost $178,132, unit price $108, variable cost $59. Break-even quantity is closest to:

4544.2 units

3635.3 units

2981.0 units

3271.8 units

#101. [Circuit Analysis] Node A is connected to 13 V through 2 Ω and to 16 V through 3 Ω. What is node voltage Va (no load)?

11.644 V

16.756 V

14.2 V

10.65 V

#102. [Electromagnetics] If electric field changes at dE/dt=4.86e+06 V/m·s in a dielectric with permittivity 1.95e-11 F/m, displacement current density Jd is:

1.18e-04 A/m²

1.04e-04 A/m²

7.76e-05 A/m²

9.47e-05 A/m²

#103. [Mathematics] A phasor is V = 4 + j7. What is |V|?

8.062

6.611

6.047

7.256

#104. [Circuit Analysis] Node A is connected to 29 V through 7 Ω and to 12 V through 8 Ω. What is node voltage Va (no load)?

15.8 V

21.067 V

26.333 V

24.859 V

#105. [Ethics and Professional Practice] On a hospital emergency feeder project, you still have access to proprietary firmware from a former employer that could accelerate this project to maintain outage schedule commitments. According to professional practice expectations, what is the MOST appropriate action?

Implement a short-term workaround and postpone formal disclosure

Proceed temporarily and document the issue only at project closeout

Do not reuse protected material; obtain authorization or create an original implementation

Transfer responsibility to the contractor and continue work

#106. [Mathematics] An engineer linearizes a calibration model and obtains equations 6x + 2y = 12 and x + 8y = 11. What is x?

2.31

1.515

1.663

1.848

#107. [Digital Systems] Pipeline stage has tCQ=1.86 ns, combinational delay=3.25 ns, setup=2.18 ns. Max clock frequency is:

137.1 MHz

112.4 MHz

171.4 MHz

150.8 MHz

#108. [Power] Transformer no-load secondary voltage is 120 V and full-load is 118 V. Voltage regulation is:

2 %

1.695 %

1.271 %

1.39 %

#109. [Signal Processing] For FIR filter y[n]=x[n]+0.5x[n-1]+0.25x[n-2], with x[0]=4, x[1]=3, x[2]=2, find y[2].

5.31

3.375

4.5

4.95

#110. [Circuit Analysis] A branch dissipates 220 W with RMS current 3.90 A. Equivalent resistance is:

11.843 Ω

10.832 Ω

12.998 Ω

14.443 Ω

ARE YOU READY?

LET’S PRACTICE!

Results

#1. [Mathematics] For first-order decay dy/dt = -6y with y(0)=1, find y(0.28 s).

#2. [Properties of Electrical Materials] A conductor has resistivity 1.85e-08 Ω·m at 20°C and temperature coefficient 0.0040/°C. Estimate resistivity at 66°C.

#3. [Mathematics] An engineer linearizes a calibration model and obtains equations 6x + 2y = 10 and x + 4y = 7. What is x?

#4. [Digital Systems] Pipeline stage has tCQ=2.44 ns, combinational delay=5.81 ns, setup=1.84 ns. Max clock frequency is:

#5. [Digital Systems] Pipeline stage has tCQ=1.99 ns, combinational delay=4.23 ns, setup=1.44 ns. Max clock frequency is:

#6. [Mathematics] In a fully connected sensor graph with 6 nodes, how many unique undirected links exist?

#7. [Computer Networks] Ignoring loss, TCP throughput with receive window 64 kB and RTT 80 ms is approximately:

#8. [Electromagnetics] Transmission line has Z0=44 Ω and load ZL=86 Ω (real). Reflection coefficient Γ at load is:

#9. [Electronics] Ideal inverting op-amp with Rin=5 kΩ, Rf=94 kΩ, Vin=0.469 V. Output is:

#10. [Computer Networks] Ignoring loss, TCP throughput with receive window 256 kB and RTT 20 ms is approximately:

#11. [Probability and Statistics] Assuming normal process variation with mean 120 and std dev 14, what is the 95th percentile?

#12. [Control Systems] A loop has crossover ωc=3.1 rad/s and phase margin 52.3°. Which interpretation is best?

#13. [Control Systems] A standard 2nd-order closed-loop system has damping ratio ζ=0.48. Percent overshoot is closest to:

#14. [Circuit Analysis] A branch dissipates 294 W with RMS current 1.86 A. Equivalent resistance is:

#15. [Electromagnetics] For a long straight conductor carrying 73 A, magnetic flux density at radius 0.092 m is:

#16. [Power] Ideal transformer with turns ratio Np:Ns=4:1 feeds load 20 Ω on secondary. Reflected primary impedance is:

#17. [Digital Systems] In unsigned 4-bit arithmetic, adding 8 and 11 sets carry-out flag to:

#18. [Linear Systems] For a 2nd-order system with damping ratio ζ=0.56 and ωn=7.86 rad/s, estimate 2% settling time.

#19. [Signal Processing] For an ideal 12-bit ADC, quantization-limited SQNR is closest to:

#20. [Communications] For M-ary signaling with M=4 and bit rate 100 kb/s, symbol rate is:

#21. [Electromagnetics] For a lossless medium with εr=4.0 and μr=1.5, intrinsic impedance η is:

#22. [Circuit Analysis] An AC source of 124 Vrms drives impedance Z = 19 + j10 Ω. RMS current magnitude is:

#23. [Engineering Economics] Compute capital recovery (EUAC) for P=$244,395, S=$27,767, n=7 years, i=10%.

#24. [Control Systems] A standard 2nd-order closed-loop system has damping ratio ζ=0.56. Percent overshoot is closest to:

#25. [Digital Systems] Pipeline stage has tCQ=0.92 ns, combinational delay=5.13 ns, setup=1.29 ns. Max clock frequency is:

#26. [Circuit Analysis] In an RL step response with V=29 V, R=40 Ω, L=0.326 H, find i(t) at t=0.014 s.

#27. [Electronics] Half-wave rectifier with peak input 22 V, diode drop 0.7 V, RL=944 Ω. Approximate average load current:

#28. [Properties of Electrical Materials] Estimate skin depth δ for a conductor with σ=3.34e+07 S/m, μr=1, at f=1000 Hz.

#29. [Mathematics] In a fully connected sensor graph with 8 nodes, how many unique undirected links exist?

#30. [Engineering Economics] What present value is equivalent to a future replacement cost of $81,374 in 5 years at 11%?

#31. [Computer Networks] Ignoring loss, TCP throughput with receive window 256 kB and RTT 80 ms is approximately:

#32. [Electronics] Ideal inverting op-amp with Rin=13 kΩ, Rf=76 kΩ, Vin=0.507 V. Output is:

#33. [Circuit Analysis] Node A is connected to 14 V through 2 Ω and to 17 V through 3 Ω. What is node voltage Va (no load)?

#34. [Mathematics] A phasor is V = 5 + j2. What is |V|?

#35. [Mathematics] For first-order decay dy/dt = -2y with y(0)=1, find y(0.58 s).

#36. [Mathematics] For first-order decay dy/dt = -5y with y(0)=1, find y(0.75 s).

#37. [Circuit Analysis] A current source 10 A feeds two parallel resistors 11 Ω and 5 Ω. Node voltage across the pair is:

#38. [Power] A 4-pole induction motor on 60 Hz runs at 1784 rpm. Rotor current frequency is closest to:

#39. [Power] At a 19 kV bus with Thevenin reactance 0.347 Ω (line-line basis), 3-phase bolted fault current is approximately:

#40. [Electromagnetics] For a long straight conductor carrying 36 A, magnetic flux density at radius 0.051 m is:

#41. [Linear Systems] For a 2nd-order system with damping ratio ζ=0.72 and ωn=9.94 rad/s, estimate 2% settling time.

#42. [Properties of Electrical Materials] A package heat spreader has k=167.4 W/m·K, area=3.37e-04 m², thickness=0.025 m, and ΔT=55 K. Conduction heat rate is:

#43. [Mathematics] An engineer linearizes a calibration model and obtains equations 3x + 2y = 13 and x + 6y = 8. What is x?

#44. [Computer Systems and Software] A 32-bit, direct-mapped cache has 256 sets and 64-byte blocks. Tag bits per line are:

#45. [Computer Networks] For IPv4 subnet /26, how many usable host addresses are available?

#46. [Digital Systems] In unsigned 4-bit arithmetic, adding 9 and 13 sets carry-out flag to:

#47. [Power] A balanced 3-phase load consumes 226 kW at 380 V line-line and pf=0.87 lagging. Line current is:

#48. [Control Systems] A standard 2nd-order closed-loop system has damping ratio ζ=0.69. Percent overshoot is closest to:

#49. [Engineering Sciences] A dielectric coolant (ρ=1007.3 kg/m³, μ=1.76e-03 Pa·s) flows at 1.82 m/s through a pipe of diameter 0.068 m. Reynolds number is closest to:

#50. [Properties of Electrical Materials] A conductor has resistivity 2.01e-08 Ω·m at 20°C and temperature coefficient 0.0039/°C. Estimate resistivity at 66°C.

#51. [Electromagnetics] Transmission line has Z0=47 Ω and load ZL=34 Ω (real). Reflection coefficient Γ at load is:

#52. [Probability and Statistics] A lot has independent defect probability 0.04 per board. For 8 boards, what is P(at least 1 defect)?

#53. [Electronics] An ideal 10-bit ADC with Vref=5.0 V measures Vin=1.892 V. Output code is closest to:

#54. [Digital Systems] In unsigned 4-bit arithmetic, adding 13 and 0 sets carry-out flag to:

#55. [Communications] Using Shannon capacity C = B log2(1+SNR), with B=5.0 MHz and linear SNR=20, capacity is:

#56. [Power] A component has reactance 0.090 pu on 100 MVA base (same kV base). On 25 MVA base, pu reactance is:

#57. [Engineering Economics] A retrofit costs $245,669 now and saves $51,124/year for 9 years. At MARR = 12%, what is NPV?

#58. [Ethics and Professional Practice] On a industrial VFD replacement, you identify an ungrounded metallic enclosure in a temporary power panel to avoid liquidated damages. According to professional practice expectations, what is the MOST appropriate action?

#59. [Linear Systems] For system y” + 5y’ + 4y = u(t), which statement about stability is true?

#60. [Linear Systems] A transfer function has poles at s=-2.20 and s=-12.98. Dominant time constant is closest to:

#61. [Electronics] A BJT in active mode has β=135 and base current 81.8 µA. Collector current is closest to:

#62. [Probability and Statistics] Assuming normal process variation with mean 88 and std dev 10, what is the 95th percentile?

#63. [Computer Systems and Software] Cache hit rate=0.93, hit time=2.18 ns, miss penalty=52.4 ns. AMAT is:

#64. [Digital Systems] In unsigned 4-bit arithmetic, adding 11 and 7 sets carry-out flag to:

#65. [Ethics and Professional Practice] On a substation relay retrofit, a supplier offers premium event tickets while your team is evaluating bids to prevent procurement re-bid. According to professional practice expectations, what is the MOST appropriate action?

#66. [Communications] A TDM PCM system multiplexes 18 channels, each sampled at 16000 Hz with 8 bits/sample. Aggregate data rate is:

#67. [Circuit Analysis] A Thevenin source Vth=18 V with Rth=8 Ω feeds RL=15 Ω. Load current is:

#68. [Circuit Analysis] A current source 5 A feeds two parallel resistors 4 Ω and 6 Ω. Node voltage across the pair is:

#69. [Electronics] Half-wave rectifier with peak input 16 V, diode drop 0.7 V, RL=794 Ω. Approximate average load current:

#70. [Linear Systems] For low-pass H(jω)=1/(1+jωτ) with τ=0.380 s, find |H(jω)| at ω=2 rad/s.

#71. [Signal Processing] A tone at 7100 Hz is sampled at fs=10000 Hz. Observed baseband alias frequency is:

#72. [Mathematics] For first-order decay dy/dt = -2y with y(0)=1, find y(0.78 s).

#73. [Circuit Analysis] An AC source of 153 Vrms drives impedance Z = 24 + j8 Ω. RMS current magnitude is:

#74. [Power] Ideal transformer with turns ratio Np:Ns=2:1 feeds load 27 Ω on secondary. Reflected primary impedance is:

#75. [Engineering Sciences] Cooling air for a power converter has mass flow 0.095 kg/s and specific heat cp=896.1 J/kg·K. If temperature rise across the cabinet is 43.1 K, required heat removal rate is:

#76. [Circuit Analysis] A Thevenin source Vth=30 V with Rth=12 Ω feeds RL=16 Ω. Load current is:

#77. [Communications] For an AM wave, envelope Vmax=5.59 and Vmin=1.92. Modulation index m is: